Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 129 Q1 : What is learning? What are its distinguishing features? Answer : Learning can be defined as any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience. Changes that occur due to practice and experience, and are relatively permanent, are a component of learning. Its distinguishing features are: (i) Learning always involves some kind of experience. For instance, a child gets lost at a place on leaving the hands of the parents, would learn not to leave the hand of elders the next time. (ii) Behavioural changes…
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Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 106 Q1 :Explain the functional limitations of sense organs. Answer : The functional limitations of sense organs of human beings refer to their limited range of stimulation. In order to be noticed, a stimulus has to be of an optimal intensity and magnitude. Thus, the stimulus has to carry a minimum value or weight. For example, our ears cannot hear very faint or loud sounds. Similarly, our eyes cannot see objects in very dim or very bright light. Q2 : What is meant by light and dark adaptation? How do…
Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 83 Q1 :What is development? How is it different from growth and maturation? Answer : Development is the pattern of progressive, orderly and predictable changes that originate at conception and continue to take place throughout an individual’s life. It is different from growth and maturation by the following features: Growth Development 1 Growth refers to an increase in the size of body parts or of the organism as a whole. i Development on the other hand refers to a larger process, which is in terms of growth and maturation…
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology – Chapter 3 The Bases of Human Behaviour Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 63 Q1 :How does the evolutionary perspective explain the biological basis of behaviour? Answer : The evolutionary perspective explains the biological behaviour by demonstrating the behavioural and physiological changes that occur as a result of evolution being necessary for the survival of species. For instance, increase in the capacity for cognitive behaviour like perception, memory and use of language for communication among humans is a result of the evolution. Such type of changes have occurred due…
Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 42 Q1 : What are the goals of scientific enquiry? Answer : The goals of scientific enquiry are as follows: Description – It is very important in a scientific enquiry to describe the behaviour or a phenomenon accurately in order to be able to deal with it. Prediction – Scientific enquiry aims at the understanding of a particular behaviour in relationship to other behaviours or events. It tries to predict their occurrences under certain conditions with a margin of error. Explanation – Scientific enquiry is conducted to know the causal…
Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 20 Q1 : What is behaviour? Give examples of overt and covert behaviour. Answer : Behaviour is a response or a reaction of an individual or an activity in which the individual is engaged in. It is the result of a stimulus in the environment or an internal change. Behaviours may be simple or complex and overt or covert. Examples of overt behaviour (i) Blinking of eyes when a stone is hurled at a person (ii) Withdrawing the hand immediately after touching a hot pan Examples of covert behaviour (i)…
Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 101 Q1 :How did Ananthakrishna Iyer and Sarat Chandra Roy come to practice social anthropology? Answer : Ananthakrishna Iyer came to practice social anthropology by voluntarily helping the British administrators in ethnographic surveys of India. He was initially a clerk and then became a college teacher at Ernakulum. In 1902, he was asked by the Dewan of Cochin to assist with an ethnographic survey of the state. Later, he worked for British government as unpaid Superintendent of Ethnography. His work received appreciation from British anthropologists and administrators. Iyer became a reader…
Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 82 Q1 :Why is the Enlightenment important for the development of sociology? Answer : The Enlightenment is important for the development of sociology because it helped in the development of secular, scientific and humanistic attitudes of mind during the late 17th and 18th centuries. This is because ‘enlightenment’ positioned the human being as the central figure of the universe, with rational thought at its core. Rational and critical thinking transformed human beings into both producer and user of all knowledge. Those who did not adopt the new ways of thinking and…
Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 64 Q1 : Describe in your own words what you understand by the term `ecology’. Answer : Ecology refers to the complex network of biological and physical systems and processes between the biotic and abiotic components of environment. It is responsible for the type of environment around living beings. Humans are also a constituent of ecology. Various physical features like mountains, rivers, plains and oceans, each with their unique flora and fauna, form their own ecology. The ecology of a place is affected by the interaction between its geography and hydrology.…
Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 49 Q1 : Would you agree with the statement that rapid social change is a comparatively new phenomenon in human history? Give reasons for your answer. Answer : Yes, rapid social change is a comparatively new phenomenon in human history. It has been estimated that the human beings have been in existence for 500,000 years, but civilization started only around 6,000 years ago. The most rapid changes started 400 years ago and the pace of changes increased in the last100 years. This acceleration in changes was mainly due to advancements in…